History Ch. 5
Architecture as power.
4. Answer the following questions in one word or sentence.
a. Pradakshina
b. Nagara
c. Octagonal
d. Hoysalas, Chalukyas
e. Turquoise, Lapis Lazuli
5. Answer the following questions in brief :
a. Structures built in medieval India to demonstrate power: Forts, palaces, tombs, and grand temples were built to showcase political authority and cultural prowess.
b. Main styles of temple architecture in medieval India:
- Nagara style: Example - Kandariya Mahadeva Temple in Khajuraho.
- Dravida style: Example - Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur.
c. New elements introduced by Islamic architecture: Islamic architecture in India introduced elements such as domes, arches, minarets, calligraphy, and intricate geometric patterns in decoration.
d. Baoli: Baoli refers to a stepwell or a reservoir with steps descending to the water level, used for storing water and also as a cool retreat during hot seasons.
e. Shah Jahan known as the Engineer king: Shah Jahan earned this title due to his patronage of grand architectural projects, including the Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Jama Masjid, and various gardens and forts. His reign saw significant advancements in architectural design, engineering, and urban planning.
6. Answer the following questions in detail :
a. Main features of Indo-Islamic architecture: Indo-Islamic architecture combines elements of Islamic architecture (like domes, arches, minarets) with local Indian architectural styles (like mandapas, chhatris). It emphasizes geometric patterns, calligraphy, and the use of marble and red sandstone.
b. Characteristic features of havelis: Havelis built during this period featured intricate carvings, jharokhas (overhanging enclosed balcony), courtyard gardens (angans), and often displayed wealth and social status through their elaborate architecture and decoration.
c. Regional architecture in the 15th century: In the 15th century, regional architectural styles such as the Vijayanagara style in South India and the Sultanate style in North India flourished. These styles were characterized by their unique temple complexes, forts, and palaces reflecting local cultural influences.
d. Fatehpur Sikri: Fatehpur Sikri is a UNESCO World Heritage site built by Akbar in the 16th century. It served as the capital of the Mughal Empire for a short period. The complex includes palaces, mosques (like Jama Masjid), and other structures showcasing Indo-Islamic architectural styles.
e. Difference between Nagara and Dravida styles of architecture:
- Nagara style: Features include a curved shikhara (tower), intricate carvings, and multiple smaller shrines around the main temple. Common in North India.
- Dravida style: Features include a massive vimana (main tower) topped by a dome, pillared halls, and elaborate gateways (gopurams). Common in South India.